Ahh, that is why I love Youtube lessons on economics. Half of them are done by people who dont know shit about it. Bonds ARE NOT claims on a group of people. In case you dont know, organizations large enough to issue bonds are their own juridical entity. Thus, the people working for such a company cant be touched when the company goes down. All you own with a bond is exactly what the Company itself owns, probably the building and the machines. Your bond gets paid of with the money the company makes. If the company were to fail, you get your money back by the auctioning of the companies assets. Employees are protected and cant be touched.
Besides, bonds are essentially loans. You pay money for a bond, the company uses that money to finance itself so it can make more money, and then it uses the extra money to pay of the bond with interest (depending on the type of bond). They do not go own for an indefinite time although some bonds can be very long term.
Yes, the governments issues bonds in order to get money to finance itself. Mostly because they dont get enough income from taxes or because they spend to much. In any case, this does not create scarity nor does it cause the productive output of the Americans to go to foreign financial institutions. At least, not more then what the average American pays in taxes, and only a part of that goes to paying of the interest of these bonds. Productive output of a country and debt are not linked like that, its comparison is only used as an indicator of how much the debt is. And, if the American government were to suddenly cut a lot of spending and increased taxes, so it no longer has a budget deficit, they could pay of all their debt, without anything really happening to the economy.
Really I had to stop halfway through the video due to the sheer amount of bullshit the guy was spouting.